Association between Sleep Quality and Physical Activity in Physical Education Students in Chile in the Pandemic Context: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Due to the health restrictions put in place to face the pandemic, a decrease in the levels of physical activity and an alteration in the quality of sleep have been observed. One group susceptible to these changes is represented by students of physical education pedagogy, who, under normal conditions, present high levels of physical activity. However, the correlation between these variables has not been studied in the context of a pandemic lockdown. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the quality of sleep and physical activity level as a function of gender and evaluate the association between quality of sleep and physical activity level in physical education pedagogy students during the COVID-19 pandemic considering sociodemographic and health characteristics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire was applied to 280 Chilean university students of physical education pedagogy. The survey considered sociodemographic information, healthy habits, and self-reported health and included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for physical activity levels and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality. Results: The prevalence of good sleep quality was 20.4%. Furthermore, 52.9% of students had a high level of physical activity. Regression analysis between PSQI global score and age-adjusted physical activity levels indicated that being male and presenting a high level of physical activity favored a better PSQI global score. Conclusions: The prevalence of good sleep quality was low in general and significantly lower in women. Being male and having a high level of physical activity during quarantine benefits good sleep quality, regardless of age.

Exercise program and blood pressure in children: The moderating role of sedentary time.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to test a before-school physical activity intervention (Active-Start intervention) on blood pressure in children and examine whether sedentary time moderates the effect of the intervention on blood pressure. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The Active-Start intervention comprising 170 children (8-10 years old) from three public schools with low socioeconomic status in Santiago (Chile). The exercise intervention was delivered daily, before starting the first school-class (8:00-8:30 a.m.), for 8 weeks. The intervention was mainly a program of cooperative physical games at moderate-vigorous intensity. Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure was determined from the average of two measurements at baseline and at the end of intervention. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time was assessed using a GENEActiv tri-axial accelerometer prior to the program intervention. RESULTS: The Active-Start intervention decreased blood pressure levels in children (p<0.01) but did not change relative to the control group. Johnson-Neyman analysis revealed a significant relationship between the effect of intervention on systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure when sedentary time was below, but not at or above, 657 and 659min per day (i.e., the effect of physical exercise disappears), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of physical activity on blood pressure could disappear in children with excessive sedentary time, which highlights the need to reduce total levels of sedentary time in the day-to-day life of young people in and out of schools.

A before-school physical activity intervention to improve cognitive parameters in children: The Active-Start study.

The aim of the study was threefold: (a) to test a before-school physical activity intervention (Active-Start) on academic performance, selective attention, and concentration capacity; (b) to test the effect of the Active-Start intervention on anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness parameters; and (c) whether the physical fitness components are moderators of the effect of the Active-Start program on academic performance, selective attention, and concentration capacity in Chilean children. The Active-Start intervention was a RCT which comprised 170 children (8-10 years old) from three public schools with low socioeconomic status from the city of Santiago (Chile). The exercise intervention was delivered daily, before starting the first school-class (8:00-8:30 am) for 8 weeks. Changes in academic performance, selective attention and concentration capacity, anthropometric, body composition, and physical fitness parameters were measured. The analyses used were mixed regression models for repeated measures over time. No statistically significant changes in attention and concentration capacity were found. However, significant changes were seen in language (0.63; 95% CI 0.49-0.77) and mathematics (0.49; 95% CI 0.32-0.66) performance (P < .001). Also, improvements were seen in fat mass, fat-free mass, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness (all P < .05). The Johnson-Neyman technique revealed a significant relationship between the effect of intervention and attention and concentration when change in cardiorespiratory fitness was above, but not below, 3.05 and 0.70 mL/kg/min, respectively. Implementing before-school physical activity programs such as the Active-Start to enhance the cardiorespiratory fitness may benefit attention capacity and academic success among schoolchildren.

Can a before-school physical activity program decrease bullying victimization in disadvantaged children? The Active-Start Study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of an 8-week before-school physical activity program to reduce bullying victimization among a group of socially disadvantaged children in the Active-Start study. METHOD: A non-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in three public schools classified as highly vulnerable and located in a deprived area of Santiago (Chile). A total of 5 classes participated, totaling 170 fourth grade children. The intervention was delivered before starting the first school-class (8:00-8:30 a.m.). The program lasted for 8 weeks. Primary outcome measurement on bullying victimization was assessed by the CUBE questionnaire at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction in the probability of suffering physical bullying (OR= 0.18, 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; p= .027) and verbal bullying (OR=0.13, 95% CI, 0.02-0.97; p= .046) after the 8-week program. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in an 8-week before-school physical activity intervention implemented in schools located in a disadvantaged district in Santiago (Chile) resulted in lower levels of bullying victimization among study participants. The Active-Start program may be a feasible and potentially scalable intervention option to improve the climate and pro-sociality environment at schools.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas para reducir el bullying en niños en desventaja social del estudio Active-Start. MÉTODO: Se realizó un ensayo controlado aleatorio no ciego en tres escuelas públicas vulnerables y ubicadas en Santiago (Chile), con un total de cinco clases e incluyendo 170 niños de Cuarto Grado. La intervención de ocho semanas se realizó cinco veces por semana antes de comenzar la primera clase (8:00­8:30 a.m.). La medida de resultado primaria fue la victimización por bullying evaluado a través del cuestionario CUBE al inicio y después de la intervención. RESULTADOS: Hubo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la probabilidad de sufrir bullying físico (OR= 0,18, IC 95%, 0,04-0,82; p= 0,027) y verbal (OR= 0,13, IC 95%, 0,02-0,97; p= 0,046) después del programa de ocho semanas. CONCLUSIONES: La participación en una intervención de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas implementada en escuelas ubicadas en una comuna desfavorecida en Santiago (Chile) dio lugar a niveles más bajos de victimización por bullying entre sus participantes. El programa Active-Start puede ser una opción de intervención viable y potencialmente escalable para mejorar el clima y el ambiente escolar.

Can a before-school physical activity program decrease bullying victimization in disadvantaged children? The Active-Start Study / ¿Puede un programa de actividad física antes de la escuela disminuir la victimización por bullying en niños desfavorecidos? Estudio Active-Start

Background/Objective: To test the effectiveness of an 8-week before-school physical activity program to reduce bullying victimization among a group of socially disadvantaged children in the Active-Start study. Method: A non-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in three public schools classified as highly vulnerable and located in a deprived area of Santiago (Chile). A total of 5 classes participated, totaling 170 fourth grade children. The intervention was delivered before starting the first school-class (8:00-8:30 a.m.). The program lasted for 8 weeks. Primary outcome measurement on bullying victimization was assessed by the CUBE questionnaire at baseline and post-intervention. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the probability of suffering physical bullying (OR= 0.18, 95% CI, 0.04-0.82; p= .027) and verbal bullying (OR=0.13, 95% CI, 0.02-0.97; p= .046) after the 8-week program. Conclusions: Participation in an 8-week before-school physical activity intervention implemented in schools located in a disadvantaged district in Santiago (Chile) resulted in lower levels of bullying victimization among study participants. The Active-Start program may be a feasible and potentially scalable intervention option to improve the climate and pro-sociality environment at schools

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas para reducir el bullying en niños en desventaja social del estudio Active-Start. Método: Se realizó un ensayo controlado aleatorio no ciego en tres escuelas públicas vulnerables y ubicadas en Santiago (Chile), con un total de cinco clases e incluyendo 170 niños de Cuarto Grado. La intervención de ocho semanas se realizó cinco veces por semana antes de comenzar la primera clase (8:00-8:30 a.m.). La medida de resultado primaria fue la victimización por bullying evaluado a través del cuestionario CUBE al inicio y después de la intervención. Resultados: Hubo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en la probabilidad de sufrir bullying físico (OR= 0,18, IC 95%, 0,04-0,82; p= 0,027) y verbal (OR= 0,13, IC 95%, 0,02-0,97; p= 0,046) después del programa de ocho semanas. Conclusiones: La participación en una intervención de actividad física antes de la escuela de ocho semanas implementada en escuelas ubicadas en una comuna desfavorecida en Santiago (Chile) dio lugar a niveles más bajos de victimización por bullying entre sus participantes. El programa Active-Start puede ser una opción de intervención viable y potencialmente escalable para mejorar el clima y el ambiente escolar

[Exercise and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Sedentarism, overweight and malnutrition generate an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species leading to a state of chronic oxidative stress. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress alters pancreatic insulin secretion and the actions of the hormone on target cells, contributing to the development of micro and macrovascular complications. During physical exertion a state of transient oxidative stress occurs. As a consequence, the organism generates multiple physiological adaptations to these repetitive stimuli. Physical exercise is beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus but there is a paucity of information about the effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with the disease. We herein try to elucidate if the effects of exercise on oxidative stress can help in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and which is the most effective modality of physical exercise to reduce oxidative stress markers.

Efecto del ejercicio físico sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Exercise and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Sedentarism, overweight and malnutrition generate an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species leading to a state of chronic oxidative stress. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress alters pancreatic insulin secretion and the actions of the hormone on target cells, contributing to the development of micro and macrovascular complications. During physical exertion a state of transient oxidative stress occurs. As a consequence, the organism generates multiple physiological adaptations to these repetitive stimuli. Physical exercise is beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus but there is a paucity of information about the effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with the disease. We herein try to elucidate if the effects of exercise on oxidative stress can help in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and which is the most effective modality of physical exercise to reduce oxidative stress markers.

Effects of high intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on the reduction of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic adult patients: CAT.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between an excessive production of reactive oxygen species and/or a deficiency in the level of endogenous and exogenous antioxidant defenses. The presence of reactive oxygen species in large concentrations and for long periods is associated with the occurrence of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exercise represents an effective means for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is also able to reduce long-term oxidative stress levels. High-intensity interval training has shown to be an efficient and viable option for type 2 diabetes mellitus control. In turn, high-intensity interval training seems to have positive effects on oxidative stress levels by increasing levels of endogenous antioxidants. OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and applicability of the results regarding the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training compared to moderate intensity continuous training to reduce oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to answer the following question: In adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, can the method of high-intensity interval training, compared to moderate intensity continuous training reduce oxidative stress levels? METHODS: We performed a critical analysis of the article "Continuous training vs Interval training in glycemic control and macro and microvascular reactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes". RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in concentrations of superoxide dismutase in any of the experimental groups. Only in the interval group a decrease in malondialdehyde regarding control group and baseline (p<0.05) was observed. In addition, only in the interval group there was an increase in glutathione peroxidase compared to the group of continuous aerobic training and baseline (p<0.05). Nitric oxide showed a significant increase regarding the control, continuous aerobic group and baseline (p<0.05) in the interval training group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that both training groups show improvements over markers of lipid profile and fitness, high intensity interval training has shown to be more effective in the normalization of oxidative stress, impacting positively on the concentration of pro-oxidant markers and antioxidants.

INTRODUCCIÓN : El estrés oxidativo es causado por un desequilibrio entre una excesiva producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno y/o un déficit en el nivel de defensas antioxidantes endógenas y exógenas. La presencia de especies reactivas de oxígeno en grandes cantidades y por tiempos prolongados, se asocia a la aparición de diversas patologías, entre ellas la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El ejercicio físico representa un medio efectivo para la prevención y el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, también es capaz de reducir los niveles de estrés oxidativo a largo plazo. El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad ha mostrado ser una opción eficaz y viable en el control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A su vez, el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad parece tener efectos positivos sobre los niveles de estrés oxidativo, aumentando los niveles de antioxidantes endógenos. OBJETIVO: Comprobar la validez y aplicabilidad de los resultados en la efectividad que presenta el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, en comparación con el entrenamiento continuo de moderada intensidad en la reducción del estrés oxidativo de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. También se busca responder a la siguiente interrogante: en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, ¿puede el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, en comparación con el entrenamiento continuo de moderada intensidad, reducir los niveles de estrés oxidativo? MÉTODOS: Se analizó críticamente el artículo “Entrenamiento continuo versus interválico en el control glicémico y la reactividad macro y microvascular en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2”. RESULTADOS: No se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en las concentraciones de superóxido dismutasa en ninguno de los grupos experimentales. Sólo en el grupo de entrenamiento interválico se observa una disminución significativa de malondialdehído en comparación al grupo control y a los niveles basales (p<0,05). Respecto a la enzima glutatión peroxidasa sólo en el grupo de entrenamiento interválico se observaron cambios significativos en comparación al grupo de entrenamiento aeróbico continuo y a los niveles basales (p<0,05). El óxido nítrico aumentó significativamente en el grupo de entrenamiento interválico respecto del grupo control, del grupo aeróbico continuo y del inicio del estudio (p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien en ambos grupos de entrenamiento se observaron mejoras respecto de marcadores de perfil lipídico y de la condición física general, el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad mostró ser más efectivo en la normalización del estrés oxidativo, incidiendo de forma positiva en la concentración de marcadores pro-oxidantes y antioxidantes.

[Effect of high-intensity interval training on the reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin in type-2 diabetic adult patients]. / Efectividad del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad en la reducción de la hemoglobina glicosilada en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the major non-communicable chronic diseases in the world. Its prevalence in Chile is significant, and complications associated with this disease involve great costs, which is why prevention and treatment of this condition are essential. Physical exercise is an effective means for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The emergence of new forms of physical training, such as "high intensity interval training", presents novel therapeutic alternatives for patients and health care professionals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and applicability of the results regarding the effectiveness of high intensity interval training in reducing glycosylated hemoglobin in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and answer the following question: In subjects with type 2 diabetes, can the method of high intensity interval training compared to moderate intensity exercise decrease glycosylated hemoglobin? METHODS: We performed a critical analysis of the article "Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes". RESULTS: We found no significant differences in the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin between groups of high intensity interval training and moderate-intensity exercise upon completion of the study (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, high intensity interval training does not significantly improve glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Despite this, the high intensity interval training method shows as much improvement in body composition and physical condition as the moderate intensity exercise program.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 es una de las principales enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles presentes en el mundo. Su prevalencia en Chile es considerable y las complicaciones asociadas a esta patología implican un gran gasto económico, razón por la cual la prevención y el tratamiento de esta afección son fundamentales. El ejercicio físico representa un medio eficaz en la prevención y tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El surgimiento de nuevas modalidades de entrenamiento, como el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, presenta nuevas alternativas para pacientes y profesionales de la salud en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. OBJETIVO: Comprobar la validez y aplicabilidad de los resultados con respecto a la efectividad del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad en la reducción de la hemoglobina glicosilada en pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y responder la siguiente interrogante: en sujetos con diabetes tipo 2, ¿puede el método de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, en comparación al ejercicio de moderada intensidad, disminuir la hemoglobina glicosilada? MÉTODOS: Se analizó críticamente el artículo "Viabilidad y eficacia preliminar de entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en la diabetes tipo 2". RESULTADOS: No existen diferencias significativas en la cantidad de hemoglobina glicosilada entre los grupos de entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad y el ejercicio de moderada intensidad al finalizar el estudio (p>0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad no mejora significativamente los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada. A pesar de esto, el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad muestra mejoras significativas en cuanto a la composición corporal y a la condición física, similares al método continuo de moderada intensidad.